中文摘要：在发展中国家强制执行详细的霉菌毒素法规以确保人们免于霉菌毒素暴露对健康的不利影响。在低收入或发展中国家霉菌毒素法规要么缺乏要么执行不力造成了这些地方的霉菌毒素暴露高于卫生监管机构设定的水平。受影响最严重的人群包括玉米种植农户社区，那里种植单一作物并用于本地消费，缺乏霉菌毒素污染的监管。加剧这一形势的其他因素包括消费高霉菌污染的未加工玉米、缺乏对不良影响的认识以及传统的在食品短缺期间食用不适合人类消费的玉米产品。这些情况存在于边远贫困社区，那里复杂的减少霉菌毒素的技术无法使用或不切实际，需要巧妙的方法减少霉菌毒素暴露。虽然一定程度上已经采用了基于社区的和人文可接受的方法，但其功效由于缺乏足够的训练而有所不同。设想用更加复杂的技术整合这些方法，并将以在分子水平上更好地理解霉菌毒素的生物合成和真菌-宿主相互作用为基础。此外，其它方法包括利用降解酶解除真菌毒素、粘土吸附、非产毒菌株的利用和抗真菌感染的玉米品种只是在详细审查的几种方法。引进良好的农业措施和储藏技术及识别危险分析中的关键控制点还需进一步探索。未来应优先考虑引进霉菌毒素的监测程序及验证暴露监测的筛选程序，促进社区有效的干预方案，减少霉菌毒素。
外文摘要：In developing countries the enforcement of compliance to detailed mycotoxin regulations ensures protection of the population from adverse health effects of mycotoxin exposure. In low-income or developing countries mycotoxin regulations are either lacking or poorly enforced which create scenarios where mycotoxin exposures occur above levels set by health regulatory bodies. Population groups that are the worst affected include subsistent maize growing farmer communities where mono-cereal crops are cultivated and locally consumed, and mycotoxin contamination are not monitored. Other factors that aggravate the situation include the consumption of highly mycotoxin contaminated unprocessed maize, the lack of knowledge about the adverse effects as well as traditional uses of maize products not intended for human consumption during periods of food insecurity. These scenarios require ingenious ways to reduce mycotoxin exposure in poor rural communities where access to sophisticated mycotoxins reduction techniques is not available or practically viable. Although community-based and culturally acceptable methods have, to some extent, been adapted the efficacy thereof varies due to the lack of sufficient training. Integration of
these methods with more sophisticated technological methods is envisaged, and will be based on a better understanding of mycotoxin biosynthesis and fungus-host interactions on a molecular level. In addition, other methods which include the detoxification of mycotoxins utilising degradation enzymes, clay adsorbents, utilisation of non-toxigenic fungal strains and resistant maize cultivars to fungal infections are just a few approaches under scrutiny. The introduction of good agriculture practices and storage techniques and the identification of critical control points during hazard analyses need to be further explored. Introduction of mycotoxin monitoring programs and validated screening procedures to monitor exposure should be a priority in the future, to facilitate community-based and effective intervention programmes of mycotoxin reduction.
外文关键词：Mycotoxins；Exposure；Reduction；Technology；Community-based methods
作者：Alberts, JF；Lilly, M；Rheeder, JP；Burger, HM；Shephard, GS；Gelderblom, WCA
作者单位：Cape Peninsula Univ Technol
期刊名称：FOOD CONTROL
期刊影响因子：3.388
出版年份：2017
出版刊次：3
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