中文摘要：杏仁易受主要由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉产生的黄曲霉毒素污染。在收获前四到六周，果皮裂开期间昆虫的伤害会促进感染。在这期间，哪些核心阶段最容易受到黄曲霉毒素污染尚不清楚。本研究在2013年果皮开裂后，每周用黄曲霉或寄生曲霉孢子悬液对Nonpareil品种发育的杏仁进行接种，持续五周。每次接种孢子前，用脐橙鳞翅目昆虫（NOW）（脐橙螟）卵感染杏仁。在收获时用HPLC测量黄曲霉毒素水平。研究发现昆虫伤害对杏仁感染并非必要，但却是黄曲霉毒素高污染的关键风险因素。
外文摘要：Almonds can be contaminated with aflatoxins, produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Infection can be facilitated by insect injuries during hull split, which begins four to six weeks before harvest. Within this period, it is unknown which kernel stages are most susceptible to aflatoxin contamination.Developing almonds of the Nonpareil cultivar were inoculated weekly with a spore suspension of A. flavus or A. parasiticus for five weeks after hull split in 2013. The almonds were infested with eggs of the lepidopteron navel orangeworm(NOW) (Amyelois transitella) before each spore inoculation. Aflatoxin levels were quantified at harvest using HPLC. Aflatoxin contamination was consistently higher in NOW-damaged kernels, although aflatoxins were also detected in undamaged kernels at each inoculation date. Insect injury is not required for kernel infection but it is a key risk factor for high aflatoxin contamination. Laboratory inoculations were also performed on Nonpareil almond kernels collected during the summers of 2013 and 2015. Aflatoxin levels were significantly lower on dried almonds but the ability to produce aflatoxins was restored when almonds were incubated with high humidity or when the Aspergillus species were inoculated on almond meal agar amended with ground kernels. Therefore,aflatoxins can accumulate in kernels with low a(w), should sufficient moisture favors aflatoxin production. In our field experiment,the orchard micro-climate had sufficient humidity to enable aflatoxin production in both damaged and undamaged dried kernels.
外文关键词：Aflatoxin； Almonds； Aspergillus spp.； Navel orangeworm
作者：Picot, A； Ortega-Beltran, A； Puckett, RD； Siegel, JP； Michailides, TJ
作者单位：Univ Calif Davis
期刊名称：EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY
期刊影响因子：1.494
出版年份：2017
出版刊次：3
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