中文摘要：随着重组DNA技术的出现，对作物克隆和导入基因可赋予其抗虫性。抗虫性的基因已被导入到几种作物中，并且正在努力开发具有抗棉铃虫的转基因鹰嘴豆。人们对转基因植物对非靶标生物、基因流和生物安全性的影响提出了关注。由于大多数研究表明几乎没有或1%的花粉流向邻近植物，因而转基因鹰嘴豆的基因流没有问题。转基因植物对天敌的活动和丰富度的影响因作物和昆虫而异。转基因抗虫作物对一般性捕食者没有大的副作用，而对寄主寄生蜂有一些副作用，这主要是由于宿主幼虫的早期死亡率或宿主的营养品质差，而不是由于转基因作物对天敌的直接毒性。无论转基因作物对天敌有何不利影响，这些影响仍远低于常用于害虫治理的广谱农药对害虫的影响。虽然本文没有对转基因鹰嘴豆食物的生物安全性进行具体研究，但由于缺乏控制棉铃虫最佳基因表达的事件，因此有足够的信息对Bt Cry蛋白（Cry1Ab，Cry1Ac和CryIIa）的急性和慢性毒性进行了研究。转基因抗虫作物将在今后的害虫治理中发挥重要作用，并大量减少杀虫喷雾剂的使用。转基因鹰嘴豆可以根据国际上有关机构制定的指导方针，以及其他转基因作物在提高粮食安全和环境保护方面的经验来投入生产和使用。
外文摘要：With the advent of recombinant DNA technology, it has become possible to clone and insert genes into the crop plants to confer resistance to insect pests. Genes conferring resistance to insect pests have been inserted into several crops, and efforts are underway to develop transgenic chickpea with resistance to pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner) -which causes an estimated loss of over $500 million annually. However, concerns have been raised regarding the impact of genetically engineered plants on the non-target organisms, gene flow, and biosafety of the food derived from genetically engineered plants. There is no issue related to gene flow involving transgenic chickpea as most of the studies have indicated little or <1% pollen flow to the neighboring plants. The effects of transgenic plants on the activity and abundance of natural enemies vary across crops, and the insect species involved. In general, there are no major adverse effects of genetically modified insect-resistant crops on the generalist predators such as Cheilomenes sexmaculatus, Coccinella septempunctata, and Chrysoperla carnea, while some adverse effects have been observed on the host specific parasitoids such as Campoletis chlorideae, which are largely due to early mortality of the host larvae or poor nutritional quality of the host, rather than direct toxicity of the transgene products to the natural enemies. Wherever the transgenic crops have shown adverse effects on the natural enemies, these effects may still be far lower than those of the broad-spectrum pesticides commonly used for pest management. While no specific studies have been carried out on the biosafety of food derived from transgenic chickpea due to unavailability of events with optimum gene expression for controlling H. armigera, there is enough information on the acute and chronic toxicity of Bt Cry proteins (Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and CryIIa), which have also been deployed in commercial transgenic maize and cotton. The issue of biosafety of the food derived from chickpea could also be addressed based on the principle of nutritional equivalence as and when the transgenic events are available for testing. Insect-resistant transgenic crops would play a significant role in pest management in future, and lead to a major reduction in insecticide sprays. Production and release of transgenic chickpea could be based on the guidelines laid down by the concerned agencies internationally, and the experience gained with other transgenic crops for improving food security and environment conservation.
外文关键词：Chickpea, Helicoverpa armigera, Transgenics, Bacillus thuringiensis, Biosafety, Environment
作者：Sharma, H. C.; Dhillon, M. K.
作者单位：YSP Univ Hort & Forestry
期刊名称：INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
期刊影响因子：0.0
出版年份：2018
出版刊次：7