中文摘要：环境和经济问题会影响对小型虫害和病害控制的相关决策。农民要决定是否对虫害采取措施必须要考虑几种直接的、眼前的或长远的潜在风险。然而，目前关于因不同病虫害导致的风险因素共现问题的研究非常缺乏，这影响了病虫害综合治理的应用。本研究测试了玉米在失去除草剂和杀虫剂的保护后，如何会在收获时出现23种霉菌毒素的高发生率。该实验在法国西南部的29个地区持续开展了4年，并用采取过处理措施跟未处理过的地块的样本结果进行对比分析。研究发现，停用除草剂比停用杀虫剂对真菌毒素发病率的影响更大，这与本文事先的期望值不同。通过观察发现，一些杂草对一些镰刀菌具有庇护作用，这也验证了本研究的结论。研究结果表明，实施新的种植制度将会改变病虫害的分布和发生，此时，安全性评价非常重要。
外文摘要：Environmental and economic issues affect decision-making for whether or not to control small infestations of pests and pathogens in crops. Even where no crop yield loss is expected, other risks may be evident, such as the slow accumulation of pathogen inocula. The prevalence of toxins, arising from biotic interactions with fungal diseases, can alter crop quality rather than quantity. Thus, farmer decisions for whether to tolerate pest infestation must take into account several direct and immediate and/or delayed potential risks. Published scientific evidence on the co-occurrence of risk factors resulting from the presence of different pests and pathogens are largely absent, and this has stifled the adoption of integrated pest management. Here, we tested how the withdrawal of herbicide and insecticide protection in maize, alone and in combination, might induce higher prevalence of up to 23 mycotoxins in the crop at harvest. The experiment was conducted over 4 years in 29 fields in the south west of France. The test involved a comparison of paired samples collected from treated and untreated plots. All nine major mycotoxins that were observed in more than 4 % of the samples showed highly variable concentrations both between fields and years. The overall trend following the cessation of pesticide protection, however, is for higher levels of mycotoxins and up to a six-fold increased in nivalenol mean concentration (to 202.3 μg kg−1 of maize seeds) compared to its treated control. Overall mycotoxin concentrations approached 55–67 % of their maximum acceptable rate, a situation of reduced security margin that could lead to economic penalties and market restrictions. We found that the removal of herbicides had a greater impact than that of insecticides on the prevalence of mycotoxins, which differs from the expectation stated in the literature. This finding is further reinforced by the observation that certain species of weeds harbor several species of Fusarium. This means that weeds not only play a role as crop competitors but also as reservoirs of inoculum in the field. Our findings illustrate the importance of sanitary evaluation when the implementation of new cropping systems will alter the dis
tribution and occurrence of pests and pathogens.
外文关键词：Agroecology;Biotic interaction;Risk assessment;Pest control;Fusarium;Ostrinia nubilalis
作者：Reboud, Xavier; Eychenne, Nathalie; Delos, Marc; Folcher, Laurent
作者单位：Univ Bourgogne Franche Comte,France.
期刊名称：AGRONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
期刊影响因子：4.141
出版年份：2016
出版刊次：9
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