中文摘要：油菜是澳大利亚种植面积排第三的作物，澳大利亚已发布或正在开发的转基因和非转基因油菜品种包括Clearfield（R）（耐咪唑啉酮）、TT（耐三嗪）、InVigor（R）（耐草铵膦）、RR（R）（耐草甘膦）、Hyola (R) RT (R)（耐草甘膦和三嗪）。本文用环境影响商数（EIQ）和农药影响评价指标（PIRI）两种风险评估指标来比较转基因和非转基因油菜生长过程中除草剂所带来的环境风险。风险评估发现，从环境影响角度TT油菜所用除草剂所带来的流动性和毒性具有较高的风险性；莠去津和西玛津相对草甘膦和氟乐灵来说EIQ评分制较高；PIRI评估显示，不论种植哪种油菜品种，氟乐灵对鱼、藻类和水蚤带来了高毒性的风险，而用拿草特代替氟乐灵将大大降低对鱼、藻类和水蚤的毒性。研究结果表明，基于除草剂在地表水中的场外运输及对非靶标生物潜在毒性来说，转基因油菜品种相对非耐除草剂油菜品种没有明显的优势。
外文摘要：Canola (Brassica napus L.) is the third largest field crop in Australia by area sown. Genetically modified (GM) and non-GM canola varieties released or being developed in Australia include Clearfield (R) (imidazolinone tolerant), TT (triazine tolerant), InVigor (R) (glufosinate-ammonium tolerant), Roundup Ready (R) - RR (R) (glyphosate tolerant) and Hyola (R) RT (R) (tolerant to both glyphosate and triazine). We used two risk assessment approaches - the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) and the Pesticide Impact Rating Index (PIRI) - to compare the environmental risks associated with herbicides used in the canola varieties (GM and non-GM) that are currently grown or may be grown in the future. Risk assessments found that from an environmental impact viewpoint a number of herbicides used in the production of TT canola showed high relative risk in terms of mobility and ecotoxicity of herbicides. The EIQ field use rating values for atrazine and simazine in particular were high compared with those for glyphosate and trifluralin. Imazapic and imazapyr, which are only used in Clearfield (R) canola, had extremely low EIQ field use rating values, likely reflecting the very low application rates used for these chemicals (0.02 to 0.04 kg/ha) compared with those used for atrazine and simazine (1.2 to 1.5 kg/ha). The PIRI assessment showed that irrespective of the canola variety grown, trifluralin posed a high toxicity risk to fish (Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss), algae and Daphnia sp. While the replacement of trifluralin with propyzamide had little effect on the mobility score, it greatly decreased the ecotoxicity score to fish, algae and Daphnia sp. due to the lower LC50 values for propyzamide compared with trifluralin. This study has shown that based on likelihood of off-site transport of herbicides in surface water and potential toxicity to non-target organisms, the GM canola varieties have no advantage over non-herbicide tolerant (non HT) or Clearfield (R) canola. Crown Copyright (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
外文关键词：Risk assessment；PIRI；EIQ；Risk indicators；Pesticides
作者：Oliver, Danielle P；Kookana, Rai S；Miller, Rosalind B；等
作者单位：CSIRO Land & Water
期刊名称：SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
期刊影响因子：3.976
出版年份：2016
出版刊次：6
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