中文摘要：全球，包括撒哈拉以南大面积非洲的温暖地区，黄曲霉毒素污染农作物的事件频发。作物受这些危险毒素的污染超越了健康、食品安全及贸易。它跨越价值链，影响农民、贸易商、市场和最终的消费者。不同的黄曲霉菌通过黄曲霉毒素污染农作物。这些曲霉菌群中，有几种基因型不产黄曲霉毒素（不产毒）。作物开花前施用经仔细挑选的不产毒基因型生物防治（生防）剂，能有效降低黄曲霉毒素污染。这种安全、环境友好而有效的技术由美国首创，那里每年处理一百多万亩敏感作物。该技术经改进后用于撒哈拉以南非洲地区，有11个非洲国家正努力开发商品名为Aflasafe的生防产品，参与的国家预计还将增加。同时，许多非洲国家在现有条件下，已经开发出先进的技术，大规模地制造廉价的Aflasafe产品。迄今为止，Aflasafe所有的已注册和试验性产品，不论是在田间还是仓储条件下，处理后比不处理减少黄曲霉毒素污染达80%以上。本文还讨论了在Aflasafe产品规模扩大期间，可能面对的黄曲霉毒素生防技术的益处及潜在的挑战，包括气候变化在内。 最后，我们来回应一些文献中提到的关于使用无毒基因型生防剂的疑虑，包括高粱作载体、配送成本、黄曲霉毒素敏感的市场、干旱时的功效、采收后的效益、过敏和/或曲霉病风险、Aflasafe对其它霉菌毒素及土壤微环境的影响，曲霉基因型的动力学以及无毒基因型与产毒基因型的自然重组等。
 
外文摘要：Aflatoxin contamination of crops is frequent in warm regions across the globe, including large areas in sub-Saharan Africa. Crop contamination with these dangerous toxins transcends health, food security, and trade sectors. It cuts across the value chain, affecting farmers, traders, markets, and finally consumers. Diverse fungi within Aspergillus section Flavi contaminate crops with aflatoxins. Within these Aspergillus communities, several genotypes are not capable of producing aflatoxins (atoxigenic). Carefully selected atoxigenic genotypes in biological control (biocontrol) formulations efficiently reduce aflatoxin contamination of crops when applied prior to flowering in the field. This safe and environmentally friendly, effective technology was pioneered in the US, where well over a million acres of susceptible crops are treated annually. The technology has been improved for use in sub-Saharan Africa, where efforts are under way to develop biocontrol products, under the trade name Aflasafe, for 11 African nations. The number of participating nations is expected to increase. In parallel, state of the art technology has been developed for large-scale inexpensive manufacture of Aflasafe products under the conditions present in many African nations. Results to date indicate that all Aflasafe products, registered and under experimental use, reduce aflatoxin concentrations in treated crops by > 80% in comparison to untreated crops in both field and storage conditions. Benefits of aflatoxin biocontrol technologies are discussed along with potential challenges, including climate change, likely to be faced during the scaling-up of Aflasafe products. Lastly, we respond to several apprehensions expressed in the literature about the use of atoxigenic genotypes in biocontrol formulations. These responses relate to the following apprehensions: sorghum as carrier, distribution costs, aflatoxin-conscious markets, efficacy during drought, post-harvest benefits, risk of allergies and/or aspergillosis, influence of Aflasafe on other mycotoxins and on soil microenvironment, dynamics of Aspergillus genotypes, and recombination between atoxigenic and toxigenic genotypes in natural conditions.
外文关键词：atoxigenic；maize；groundnut；Aflasafe；commercialisation
作者：Bandyopadhyay, R；Ortega-Beltran, A；Akande, A；Mutegi, C；Atehnkeng, J；Kaptoge, L；Senghor, AL；Adhikari, BN；Cotty, PJ
作者单位：IITA
期刊名称：World Mycotoxin Journal
期刊影响因子：2.091
出版年份：2016
出版刊次：5
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